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Machu Picchu, 2008.
This paper studies Pablo Neruda's poem "The Heights of Machu Picchu".
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that Pablo Neruda's famous work, 'The Heights of Macchu Picchu' is a large poem, divided into twelve sections. The writer discusses that the text depicts a symbolic vertical journey to "the heights of Machu Picchu", a world of rarefied air and steps of stone which sends the traveler back to the origins of human civilization. The writer points out that the poem recounts the poet's own traveling experience to the ancient and mysterious ruins of Machu Picchu. Overall, the writer maintains that the text is an attempt to speak the true language of South America and deliver its message to the world.
From the Paper
"Significantly, the poem is made up of a series of surrealistic images which describe a symbolic cycle of death and resurrection. One of the recurrent images throughout the poem is that of the cutting air which can be inhaled at the dizzying heights of the Machu Picchu summit. Interestingly, although the air is actually invisible, it is nevertheless among the most telling images of the poem. Neruda manages thus to bring to light the powerful image of Machu Picchu's stone body precisely by depicting the mountain as a sacred dome made up of rocks and air. In the poem, the mountain air acquires thus a symbolic power. Instead of a feeling of emptiness, the air actually provides the reader with a strong impression of the giddy heights. It is through this composite imager of stone and air that the poet manages to convey the sublime sensation of the spiraling steps, as a suspended ladder that takes the traveler to another world. "
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"Pocho" by Jose Antonio Villarreal, 2008.
A review of Jose Antonio Villarreal's novel "Pocho" that details the painful process of assimilation of new immigrants into America.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the 1959 novel "Pocho" by Jose Antonio Villarreal that shows the political as well as the economic reasons for Mexican-American difficulties with assimilating into American society. The paper explores how the immigrant son, Richard, experiences the classical American identity crisis that particularly afflicts recent immigrants and members of races deemed to be 'minorities.' The paper posits that Pocho is perhaps most useful to us today as an example of how far America has come, in terms of racial and cultural understanding. The paper adds that this novel also acts as a reminder of how second generation immigrants will have a different relationship with their home nation than their parents, often causing inter-family tensions.
Outline:
Overview
Reaction
Applications to Cross-Cultural Psychology
From the Paper
"The 1959 novel Pocho by Jose Antonio Villarreal is a quintessentially American novel in the ways that it details the often painful process of assimilation of a new immigrant group into America. Pocho details the migration of the Rubio family heading north from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution. It portrays the family as leaving Mexico as part of a general migration pattern, typical of previous generations of American immigrants. The Rubio family "came on--insensitive to the fact that even though they were not stopped, they were not really wanted. It was the ancient quest for El Dorado, and so they moved onward, west to New Mexico and Arizona and California, and as they moved, they planted their new seed" (Villarreal 15). Yet unlike previous immigrants the Rubios almost immediately encounter racism, and learn the sad lesson that a Mexican-American must never call a white man a liar."
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"The Hour of Eugenics", 2008.
An examination of Nancy Stephan's arguments in "The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America."
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Nancy Stephan's work, "The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America," in which she illustrates effectively how race and gender were important tools in the building of nations in Latin America. The paper examines Stephan's arguments and discusses how it relates to the history of eugenics in Mexico and Argentina, in particular.
From the Paper
"In Mexico, there was actually a short-lived experiment with sterilization based on eugenics. The Mexican Society of Eugenics was launched, in 1932, during what Stepan describes as a period of conservatism and political nationalism, a form of extreme patriotism. During this time fanatical declarations by political leaders had great impact. If the Mexican "race" was to be improved and not watered down, some members of the eugenics society declared, sex education was needed and even "eugenic sterilization."
"In 1921 sterilization in Mexico had already been implemented for criminals. And, by 1932, the fanatically anticlerical governor of Veracrux, Adalberto Tejada, authorized the first (and only) eugenic sterilization law in the nation. Tejeda's program of sterilization primarily targeted the Catholic Church than it was for any kind of pure race promotion, but it also was a program that was launched following the successful, science-backed, Mexican sterilization of improving the quality of livestock."
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Hispanic American Diversity, 2008.
This paper looks at Hispanic-American diversity in the United States.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that America is today the largest multi-ethnic country, with an impressive number of immigrants from all parts of the world and from all races. The paper also notes that the Latino population living in the United States is now a considerable percentage of the overall population of America. As such, the Hispanics are merely taken as a whole, without proper consideration to the significant differences between the cultural groups. The writer points out that while Mexican Americans, Central and South Americans, Puerto-Rican Americans share certain cultural aspects, they do not form a homogeneous class. Thus, it has been proposed that a pan-ethnic view of the Latino identity will not only discourage real unity among the different groups inside the Hispanic community but will actually promote intra-Latino exclusions and injustices. The writer maintains that each group should thus be considered as having a different identity from the others, according to their nationality.
From the Paper
"There is thus a perceptible need to distinguish between the different Latino groups as having different identities and different needs.
"There are a few common things that The Latinos in the United States usually live in difficult conditions since they arrive in the country without having sufficient knowledge of English or sufficient working skills. Also, certain prejudices against them may prevent their employment. As Davila shows, in New York for example the minorities were treated all alike in the past, and are sometimes treated like this in the present also. As a native Puerto Rican recounts, there are serious confusions between different cultures which demonstrates that minorities are treated simply as part of the same pot, with no regard for the significant differences between them .."
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Cuba and Marxism, 2008.
An analysis of the Cuban Revolution and Cuba's future from the perspective of the Marxist theory.
4,651 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the Marxist theory, which is considered to be the explanatory context for the Cuban Revolution, and applies this theory to the events that took place in Cuba. The paper examines the Marxist views on the present situation in the country, taking into account the expected change of leadership in Havana.
Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical aspects of Marxism
The Cuban Revolution
Marxist views on Cuba
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cuba can be seen as one of the most important countries in Latin America and an influential actor on the international scene. This is largely due to the fact that its political system as well as its geographical position has made it a crucial neighbor for the strongest country in the world, the United States. The role of the Cuban Republic in the region as well as in the world is often described and analyzed in comparison with the US and, consequently with the democratic system of government. From this perspective, Cuba is seen as a state with few democratic institutions and is somewhat opposition with the flow of the globalised world. This can be said to be the result of the way in which internal and foreign politics is conducted, as well as the stand often taken by the Cuban authorities in respect to the major issues of our world."
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Jaime Escalante: Teacher Extraordinaire, 2008.
A paper on the life and work of the influential educator Jaime Escalante.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a biography of Jaime Escalante and describes how his perseverance, ideals and work ethic enabled him to succeed both in his personal life and in his chosen career as teacher. The author then contrasts the way in which Escalante became an inspiring and successful teacher by transcending language and cultural barriers with the refusal of many current Latino immigrants to learn English and the consequent trend in major American metropolitan areas to provide Spanish-speaking services for them.
From the Paper
"Currently the United States is experiencing a major influx of Latino immigrants, many illegal, that do not have the fortitude or the tenacity of Jaime Escalante. If each immigrant were to espouse the ideals and work ethic of Escalante, the controversy would surely diminish as such individuals, immigrants and otherwise, are sorely needed in many industries in the United States. It seems they broke the mold when they made Jaime Escalante and many teachers now teaching in tough, urban areas would do well to follow his excellent example of treating students with respect, pride, and care no matter what their economic, racial, or social background may be."
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Realignment of United States versus Cuban Policy., 2008.
An examination of the foreign policy of the United States towards Cuba.
2,899 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper relates the background to Fidel Castro's rise to power and describes the present situation with respect to government policy and the resultant stagnant relationship with the United States. The paper criticizes the United States with lack of leadership in not changing its policy towards Cuba and quotes various proposals that have been suggested. The paper concludes that the time for change is now, as the present leader is aging and we have no idea what will be the policy of his successor.
Outline:
Current status and historical context
Short term policy changes
Long term policy changes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Fidel Castro rose to power on the Island of Cuba in the early 1960's by means of a military coup, and following his trade agreements with the Soviet Union and nationalization of private industries he publicly embraced Marxist-Leninist affiliation in 1960, thrusting the island nation into the center of the Cold War . A forty year plus progression of increasing sanctions and restrictions via both Congressional and Executive actions ensued. In addition, Cuban expatriates have become a powerful voting block in the crucial Presidential state of Florida enticing additional hard-line policies towards the Cuban Communist regime. This complex commingling of foreign policy and domestic politics has created a muddled policy that is unique and inconsistent with United States policies concerning similar hostile governments."
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Illegal Immigration, 2008.
Looks at the problem of immigration, especially illegal immigration in the United States.
2,385 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that immigration has changed the face of America more than any other event in American history. The author points out how immigration, especially illegal immigration, has negatively affected the working lower class. The paper contends that limited immigration is better than completely opening American borders and is better than trying to completely close them. An annotated bibliography is included with the paper.
Outline:
Impact of Illegal Immigration
Political Debates do not include the Real Issues
Difficulty Finding Monetary Assistance
High Cost of Housing
Open Door Borders
Disservice to American Citizens
Education System in a Crisis
Identity Theft and Fake Documentation
Illegal Immigrants and Drug Trafficking
Are the Two Equally Bad?
Mexico Letting Its Citizens Leave with Encouragement
Money for Mexico through Illegal Immigration and Drug Trafficking
Minority Elected Representatives
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Moral Choices
There are no Easy Solutions
Moral Choices
Exodus of Jobs
Moderation and Fairness
From the Paper
"Immigrants live differently than American low income families. They house four or five adults in a small apartment and share the rent without concern to cramped living quarters and bleak conditions. Immigrants pool their resources so that they can easily manage the high cost of living in America. As a result, landlords increase the rent because the supply is being filled by immigrants. Low income families who have one or two wage earners with wages of eight, nine or ten dollars find it increasingly difficult to compete with immigrants who have four or five adult incomes contributing."
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International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2008.
A look at the harsh conditions the International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed on developing nations receiving IMF assistance and the consequences of those conditions..
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines IMF policies and structural economic demands and how they affect national economies and local populations. The paper relates that, while such structural conditions to a country's economy might, for the most part be well intentioned, they often have disastrous outcomes or, at best, minimal benefit to the receiving nation The paper then presents suggestions for alternative assistance strategies for struggling nations.
Table of Contents:
Overview
The IMF and Jamaica
The Gender Factor
Possible Alternatives
From the Paper
"IMF SAPs are deigned to result in an increase in tradable goods and services that are defined as goods or services that can be traded on international markets rather than local markets. The indirect but clear impact on the local labor markets affected by IMF policies, such as Jamaica, is that while males that are more commonly employed in the non-tradable goods and services industries experience higher levels of unemployment, women, in contrast, are increasingly sought after to work the assembly and production lines that produce the tradable goods and services, they are still responsible for their child rearing, child care, and home-making duties."
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The Quest for California, 2008.
This paper explores the experiences of the Spanish and Mexican governments in their attempts to colonize California.
1,696 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that although the periods of the Spanish occupation and Mexican colonization of California have been romanticized by many historians, in actuality there was a brutal struggle between the native Indians and the Spanish and Mexican peoples. The paper describes the efforts of both Spain and Mexico to colonize California and influence their culture. The paper shows how the Indians held to their convictions and heritage even under the threat of abuse and torture.
From the Paper
"The Spanish expanded their empire into California in 1769, over two hundred years after their first exploration of the California coast. The Spaniards brought with them their European culture which included Catholic missions, presidios (forts protecting the missions), and small towns known as "pueblos". (UCLA Extension Seminar). "The culture of the Spanish was markedly different" from the natives, which resulted in major conflict during Spain's attempt at the colonization of California (Chan & Olin 74). Tensions ensued, and in 1808, the Mexican revolt began against Spanish rule and finally ended in 1821 with Mexican independence. "Mexico...was even less able than Spain..." to handle the colonization of California and live peacefully with the natives (Bean & Rawls)."
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Blacks in Brazil, 2008.
This paper looks at the racism facing blacks in Brazilian society.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Brazilian society and the racism that makes blacks
largely invisible. The paper looks at the marginalization and discrimination of blacks as well as the racial mix on the street and in those in positions of power. The paper discusses how the 1960 Salgueiro ccarnival became a source of racial tension as well as racial healing and then discusses how ritual and celebration can cause a culture clash. The paper then relates that the presidency of Lula is trying to change aspects of this relationship but clearly has a difficult road to follow in doing so.
Outline:
Introduction
Racism
Blacks and Carnival
President Lula
Conclusion and the Future
From the Paper
"Brazilian society in the modern age has been marked by pronounced regional and ethnic diversity. Ethnic diversity accompanies the pronounced regionalism. Descendants of Portuguese settlers, Amerindians, and African slaves comprise the main cultural groups. The heritage from the Portuguese has been disproportionate to the number of Portuguese settlers because they were colonizers and left their mark on the nation's political system and social institutions. This is reflected in language, kinship, and religion. However, the fact that the society is varied does not mean that the different elements mix together equally, as is noted in the book Black Brazil by Larry Crook, in which Antonio Pitanga states that blacks are invisible in Brazilian society."
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Caribbean Female Sex Work, 2008.
Looks at female prostitution as sex work in Caribbean countries.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in various Caribbean countries, women have very few ways of supporting their families and thereby capitalizing on their sexuality through sex work is within their conformist respectable cultures. The author points out that most North American and European female prostitutes are motivated by their heroin and crack cocaine addictions; whereas, Caribbean prostitutes or sex workers are prompted by the opportunity to make a livable wage. The paper stresses that these Caribbean sex workers recognize their right to political activism as women to be taken seriously in tourist economies, which require their labor.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Victims versus Survivors
Sex Economics
Gaps between Sex Trade Workers and Observers
Caribbean, not Western Sex Work
Race and Caribbean Sex Work
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Caribbean prostitution points to more than differing ideas on sexuality's importance in the Caribbean culture zone and can remind of a "racialized relation of power and resistance" at local as much as global levels. Caribbean women are absolutely aware of the obstacles of sexism, racism of different kinds, and bleak economic prospects. Observers tending to pit respectable Caribbean cultures and their expectations of women against women of classes involved in prostitution need to explore again for women who take up sex work see very clearly local social and political orders divided by class."
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